A FEASIBILITY
STUDY ABOUT THE PROJECT FOR EXCHANGING THE LOW PRODUCTIVE OLD TEA BUSHES
WITH
HIGH PRODUCTIVE SELECTED TEA CLONES
In our country 6 % of tea plantation areas that began to establish since
1938 and spead out 767,000 decars and all of them established with tea
seeds have been completed their economical lives.For the improvement and
rehabilitation of tea culture that is the main source of living in East
Black Tea Region, it is necessary to renew the tea plantation which have
been established with seeds and completed their economical lives.According
to the renewation program, high productive selected tea clones must be
replaced with low productive old tea bushes, respectivelyely
Tea seedlings which are propagated from selected tea cuttings have the
same properties with its full grown tea bushes.Tea gardens which are
established with the same selected tea clones that have high quality, high
productivity, high resistance against pest and diseases, high adaptation
ability to the environmental conditions have the same identical
properties.For that reason,the method of clonal propagation is used all of
the tea producing countries.
The success of clonal propagation depends on the determination of the
full grown tea bushes which has high quality, high productivity, high
resistance against pests and diseases in different ecological conditions by
means of a successful clonal propagation methods.
PLANNING AND NECESSITY OF ORGANIC CULTIVATION
* Ekrem YÜCE** Dr. Muammer SARIMEHMET
SUMMARY
This study has been put across
with the numerical values about the productivity which belonged to the five
private sector tea factories and five Çaykur tea factories.
SOME POINT OF VIEWS AND PROPOSALS ABOUT FERTILIZE OF TEA
* Dr. Muammer SARIMEHMET** Hülya MAHMUTOĞLU
In our country,tea plant is only propagated in a limited area of
Black Tea Region which is a limited microclimate region.Quality of the
produced dry tea depends on the quality of raw material, directly.
Fertilization has a great importance in the technical supports for the
healthy growth of raw materials which consist of fresh tea shoots in tea
culture.
* Çay Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü. Toprak Kısım
Müdürü . Ziraat Yüksek Mühendisi 1991- RİZE
** Çay Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü . Teknoloji
Kısım Müdürlüğü Ziraat Yüksek Mühendisi 1991- RİZE
THE RESEARCH ABOUT AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS VALUES IN THE TEA SOILS OF EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION
*N. Mucella MÜFTÜOĞLU**
Muammer SARIMEHMET
A RESEARCH ON THE ORGANIC MATTER OF THE TEA SOILS OF THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the organic matter
percentage of the tea soils. For this purpose 1677 sample was chosen and
analyzed. The following results were obtained.
In soil samples organic matter percentage was determined as 4.29, 9.96,
16.76, 47.05 % for the very little , little, medium excessive and very
excessive levels respectively.
SUMMARY
The purpose of the experiment
was to determine the acidity of the tea soils. For this purpose 1815 sample
was chosen and analyzed for acidity.The following results were obtained. The
lowest pH is obtained in Rize.When all the eastern black sea region was
taken into consideration, 62.20 % of the soil was not optimum for the tea
plantation.
A STUDY ABOUT THE DETERMINATION
OF QUALITY PARAMETERS OF VARIOUS KINDS OF ÇAYKUR GREEN TEAS WHICH BELONG TO
THE 1ST SHOOTING PERIOD OF 2004 AND THE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF
GREEN TEA THAT ARE PRODUCED IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
*Şaziye (ÇEPER) ILGAZ **Dr.
Muammer SARIMEHMET ***Zuhal KALCIOĞLU
Green tea, originated from China has been used as a beverage and medicine in
China since 2700 BC.The Japanese custom of drinking green tea came from
China about 800 AD.
Green tea is manufactured from the fresh shoots of Camellia sinensis.Green
tea manufacturing depends on the inactivation of tea leaf enzymes which are
called oxidation enzymes by steaming or pan-firing of fresh
leaves.Polyphenol oxidase is the most important enzyme in green tea
production. As the oxidation is prevented by the inactivation of polyhenols
are not oxidised and the leaves remain green.
The chemical composition of green tea varies with climate,
season,horticultural practices, and the age of the leaf (position of the
leaf on the harvested shoot).The major components of green tea are
polyphenols especially EGCG.The other components of green tea are caffeine,
theanine (a kind of amino acid),vitamins, organic acids, polysaccharides,
protein lignin ,fluoride, minerals,etc.
In recent years, with the advance of modern chemistry,components of green
tea have been analyzed and the health effects of green tea have progressed
to the point where there is now scientific confirmation for the saying that
‘Green teas is a miraculous drink for the maintenance of health’. This
expression belongs to the monk Eisai from Japanese.
One of the most exciting health developments of nineteenth century has been
the discovery of anti-carcinogenic properties of green tea.In the last
scientific researches have confirmed that green tea polyphenols have
powerful anti-carcinogenic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and
antimicrobial activities.
With the increasing interest in green tea for health benefist, the developed
countries in the world are all increasing their consumption of green tea.
Green tea is mainly used as a beverage as dried tea, but it is also used in
the manufacture of canned tea drinks, ice-creams,biscuits, cakes, catechins
(supplies antioxidants for pharmaceutical products), cosmetis products
(skin-care, shampoos, deodorants), filters, soaps, toothpaste, etc.
In the 3rd
shooting period of 2003, Çaykur green tea has been begun to produce in
‘Green The Experimental Production Centre’ of Çaykur Organization.At the
beginning of this year, the production centre have been reorganized and
developed for producing more green tea than before.And now its capacity is
10 tones fresh tea leaves per day.The inactivation of tea leaf enzymes which
are called oxidation enzymes is achieved by steaming in this production
centre.Steamed tea leaves are rolled and dried gradually for improving the
aroma and protecting the components of green tea as much as possible.
The aim of this study is formed and developed the custom of drinking green
tea especially Çaykur Green Tea in Turkey.For this reason,the quality
characteristics of Çaykur Green Tea have been tried to determine in Atatürk
Tea Research Institute.
For the research work fresh tea shoots of 1 st shooting period, crude and
clssified Çaykur Green Teas, and six different markets in Turkey have been
used as materials.
A series of physical, chemical and organoleptic analysis have been done in Tea Research Institute labratories and the results of these analysis have been appreciated by means of statistical analysis method.
Dried tea yield, different physical characteristics, moisture, water
extract, total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, alkalinity of
water soluble ash, cellulose, polyphenol, caffeine, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mg
contents and organoleptic analysis of Çaykur Green Teas and six different
kinds of green tea which are produced in foreign countries have been
determined.
As a conclusion; we can say that the results of the analysis of Çaykur Green
tea which belongs to the 1st shooting period of 2004 were found to be
corresponded to the results of the popular green teas in the world which
were studied in Japan, China, India, England, USA, etc.And it was determined
that the quality characteristics of Çaykur Green Teas are better than the
other green teas are produced in foreign countries and sold in Turkey.
** Atatürk Çay ve Bahçe Bitkileri Enstitüsü
Müdürü, Rize
*** Atatürk Çay ve Bahçe Bitkileri Araştırma
Enstitüsünde Ziraat Mühendisi
Çay İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2004/
RİZE
Chemical fertilizers, aside from being benifical to the soil in some ways,
can create negative results as well.Nitrogen fertilizers ,in particular,can
cause acidity in the soil and make it easier for some basic cations to be
washed away.With the idea that the ammonium sulphate fertilizers, which have
been used in tea farming for some time, makes it easier for the potassium in
the soil to be washed away, research was conducted upon soil samples taken
from 6 different tea fields which would produce different levels of
potassium.
These samples were air dried in the Institute’s laboratory then measured out
into 1.5 kg samples and later placed in special washing containers.Four
treatments were administered to the soil samples and each treatment repeated
3 times. In the first treatment 30 kg of ammonium suphate was administered
to the dekar; in the 2nd and 3 rd treatments the same amount of ammonium,
including azote as well, and urea were added; and in the 4th treatment no
fertilizers were added.
After washing, the washed percentage value of K found in the soil was less
than the percentage value of K found in the drained soil.This situation
results from the fact that the available potassium in the soil which has
decreased after washing was reinforced by the non-available potassium found
in the soil.
After washing it was seen that from the free potassium as a whole, the % of
potassium which was washed away the most was found after the application of
ammonium sulphate (40.59 %), thereafter ammonium nitrate (32.5 %) and later
urea ( 30.46 %). In the samples where the least % of potasium was washed
away was seen in samples where fertilizers were not administered.
* Assistant Director of General Directory of Tea Processing Plants, Rize
** Head of Soil Department in Tea Research
Institute ,Rize
TUBITAK CAYKUR The General Directory of
Tea Processing Plants – 1987 / RİZE
SUMMARY
In Turkey manufacture of black tea leaves is
being done using the classical rolling system since 1940.Rotorvane was used
only in Çiftlik Tea Factory in 1979 and Muratlı and Taşçılar Factories in
1984. Besides rolling method, different production methods and various
combinations of these were developed and used in tea producing countries.
This study aims to define the most suitable production method for our
country considering the quality and capacity, using the existing machinery
and combination of the two production methods (rolling and rotorvane )
presently used. In the trials, tea leaves bought daily at five purchasing
offices belonging to Cumhuriyet Tea Plant were used.For each combination
approximately 2500 kg of leaves were used.
Trials were run for five production combinations and law of repeating
averages , without interfering with the production norm.
Production combinations used in the trial runs were
*Dr.
Muammer SARIMEHMET**Selma YURDOĞLU
In
Turkey , a series of researches have been done since the Çernobil
accident.This subject is very important not only in Turkey, but also in
European countries.It was a very bad experience for the world.We believe
that these kind of studies are very important for our safety.
In soil samples taken from
the plantation areas in Tirebolu , Araklı, Sürmene, salarha and Kirazlık
total radioactivity levels of 134 Cs and 137 Cs were found to be 216, 106,
118, 283 and 415 Bq/kg respectively. At the same plantation areas, in the
stems of the tea plants, radioactivity levels of cesium were found to be
208, 139 , 268, 461 and 425 Bq/kg respectively.The least radioactivity
levels were found in Araklı and the most radioactiviy levels were found in
Salaha And Kirazlık plantation areas . There is an important correlation
between soil and plant radio –activity levels of the same plants.The
radioactivity levels of cesium have been counted to be 132, 248 , 143, 314
ve 369 Bq/kg , respectively, in the old leaves is less than the level in
the plant stems.The radioactivity of cesium was measured with the old tea
leaves that were taken from the pruned tea bushes.These results showed that
the radioactivity of cesium rates decreased a little but this is not
important statistically.
In this study , the tea
leaves were taken from pruned and unpruned tea bushes.The radioactivity
levels of cesium were compared between pruned and unpruned tea bushes during
the first, second and third flush periods.
This research project was
started in the Rize Tea Research Institute of Turkey in March 1985.Cuttings
have been taken from two perviously selected clones named Muradiye- 10 and
Fener-3 were planted in two different mediums of soil+perlit and soil+sand
which were contained in polyethylene bags of suitable size (measures of
volume).The plants have been transferred into the shaded polyethylene
tunnels have developed an evident root and top growth in six months time and
have taken the form of nursery during this period.The nurseries on this
stage were used as the test plant in the experiment.The test plants were
supplied with different levels of N (No , Nı ,N2 and N3 ), P ( Po, Pı ,P2)
and K (Ko, Kı, K2).Since the N3 applications have caused severe damage to
the plants, this treatment was completely eliminated and tea experiment
rearranged in 2x2x3x3x3 factorial design.
In the experiment the
nutrients were applied to the growing mediums in solution in 10 equal
portions with a frequency of two weeks intervals. The carriers of N ,P and K
were 21 % (NH4)2SO4 , pure P2O5 and 50 % K2SO4 respectively.After one year
of growth.the nurseries were harvested.On the harvested plants, growth
parameters such as dryweight of leaves , stems , roots and the ration of top
to roots and the ratio of top to root , leaf area , number of leaves and
plants hight were meaured or calculated; and the chemical analysis such as N
, P and K contents of leaves , stems and roots were carried out.
Statistical evolution
(analysis) of the experimental data have shown that the highest leaf and
stem weight , top to root ratio , leaf area, number of leaves and plant
hight were obtained with NıP2Ko fertilizer treatment.On the other hand
NıPıK2 fertilizer combination has given the highest root weight.On the basis
of these results it was concluded that 1 g.N (Nı), 3 g P2O5 (P2) and no
potassium (Ko) per plant were optimum N ,P ,K levels.But for the root growth
, the optimum K level was found to be K2 (3 g.K2O) treatment
.Ineffectiveness of leaves, stems and roots were carried out.
Statistical evolution
(analysis) of the experimental data have shown that highest leaf and stem
weight , top to root ratio , leaf area, number of leaves and plant hight
were obtained with NıP2Ko fertilizer treatment.ON the other hand NıPıK2
fertilizer combination has given the highest root weight.On the basis of
these results it was concluded that 1 g.N (Nı), 3 g. P2O5 (P2) and no
potassium (Ko) per plant were optimum N,P, K levels.But for the root growth
, the optimum K level was found to be K2 (3 g. K2O)
treatment.Ineffectiveness of the K treatments on majority of the growth
parameters tend to suggest that the soil used in preparing the growth media
may contain plant available K high enough for nurseries.
As a result of chemical
palnt analysis it was inferred that N , P and K contents of leaves , stems
and roots have increased depending on the increasing N ,P, K applications.
On the other hand. an antagonistic effect between N and K was noted,
especially in higher N and K application levels.Namely, İncreasing N levels
decreased K uptake and vice versa by the test plant.
SUMMARY
For
the next generation can be taking advantage of tea farming and industry, it
is important the reorganization of tea farming and must be making
investments for this sector.In last years tea farming is lost its value.Thus
the amount of total income has been decreased therefore the population
density has been reduced in East Black Tea Region.Because of the properties
of tea farming , there isn’t enough possibility to make other agricultural
activities productively in this region.For that reason tea farming must be
reorganized immediately and rehabilitation projects must be developed about
this subject.
In the second part, 3
locations in the region are chosen , and in each locations four plantations,
and in each plantation four plants are chosen.Leaf samples are collected
from those chosen plants ,every year after harvest during the course of two
years.The leaves are grouped as first leave + during the course of two
years.The leaves are grouped as first leave + bud, second leaves,
thirds+fourth leaves and these grouped as first leave + bud , second leaves,
thirds + fourth leaves and these groups of leaves are analysed for the
potassium content.Total potassium content of the leaves were found as1.75% ,
1.65% , 1.45% , 0.96 % in the bud + first leaf , second leaf , third +
fourth leaf and old leaf respectively.
THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN
FERTILIZERS (Ammonium sulphate , Ammonium Nitrate and Urine)
ON WASHING AWAY OF AVAILABLE POTASSIUM IN SOIL FOR TEA FARMING
