THE PASSIVE
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A-
Etken bir fiilin edilgen biçimi , to be fiilinin etken
fiilin yapısına sokup buna, etken fiilin geçmiş zaman ortacını
ekleyerek oluşturulur. Etken fiilin öznesi, edilgen fiilin yapıcı
öğesi (agent) olur. Yapıcı öğe genellikle belirtilmez;
belirtildiğinde de by’dan sonra getirilir cümleciğn sonuna konur:This
tree was planted by my grandfather. : Bu ağaç büyükbabam
tarafından dikilmişti. B-
Şimdiki, geçmiş ve şimdiki öncesi zaman yapılarına
örnekler:Etken We keep the butter here. : Yağı burada
tutarız.Edilgen The butter is kept here. : Yağ burada
tutulur.Etken They broke the window. :Camı kırdılar.Edilgen The
window was broken. :Cam kırıldı.Etken People have seen wolves in
the streets. :Halk caddelerde/yolda kurtlar görmüş.Edilgen Wolves
have been seen in the streets. :Caddelerde kurtlar görülmüş
.C- Edilgen
süreklilik yapılar to be fiilinin süreklilik biçimlerini alırlar.
Bunun dışında da bu yapılar pek kullanılmaz:Etken They are
repairing the bridge. :Köprüyü onarıyorlar.Edilgen The bridge is
being repaired. :Köprü onarılıyor.Etken They were carrying the
injured player off the field. :Sakatlanan oyuncuyu alanın dışında
taşıyorlardı.Edilgen The injured player was being carried off the
field. :Sakatlanan oyuncu alanın dışına taşınıyordu.
Şimdi İngilizce'nin ETKEN cümle yapısına ;
ÖZNE +Yardımcı Fiil+ YÜKLEM + NESNE +
YER + ZAMAN
Subject+Helping Verb+Main
Verb+Object+
Place+
Time
(YÜKLEM-1-2-3-ing halinde bulunur)
Şimdi de EDİLGEN cümle yapısına bir
bakalım:
ÖZNE +Yard. Fiil + TO BE +YÜKL.3.+ (Eylemi yapan) +YER
+ ZAMAN
Subject+ Helping Verb + To Be+Main
Verb.3+ (by .............) + Place + Time
(TO BE
-am-is-are/being/was-were/been şeklinde bulunur.)
A-Etken Cümle, Edilgen hale çevrilirken;
1-Etken cümlenin Nesnesi alınır ve Edilgen cümlenin Öznesi
yapılır.
2-Varsa yardımcı fiil kullanılır, yoksa bir şey konmaz.
3-Etken cümlenin yüklem yapısı ne ise TO BE fiilinin o
halikullanılır.
TO BE (am-is-are/being/was-were/been)
4-Yüklemin 3. hali kullanılır (Tüm cümlelerde).
5-Eğer yapılan iş belli bir kişi tarafından yapılmış ise by
kullanılarak yazılır.
6-Yer ve zaman zarfları ilave edilir.
Exercises ;
1- Present Continious Tense - Şimdiki Devam
Eden Zaman.
My sister is making a cake in the
kitchen now.(Ablam şimdi mutfakta pasta yapıyor.)
A cake is being made by my sister in the
kitchen now. (Mutfakta bir pasta ablam tarafından yapılıyor.)
2- Simple Present Tense - Geniş Zaman.
My sister makes a cake in the kitchen every
weekend. (Ablam her hafta sonu mutfakta pasta yapar.)
A cake is made by
my sister in the kitchen every weekend. (Mutfakta bir pasta
ablam tarafından yapılır.)
3- Simple Past Tense - Geçmiş Zaman.(1)
My sister made a cake in the kitchen
yesterday. (Ablam dün mutfakta bir pasta yaptı.)
A cake was made
by my sister in the kitchen yesterday.
(Mutfakta bir pasta ablam tarafından yapıldı.)
4- Present Perfect Tense - Geçmiş Zaman.(2)
My sister has made a cake in the kitchen
yesterday. (Ablam dün mutfakta bir pasta yaptı.)
A cake has made by my sister in the kitchen .(Mutfakta
bir pasta ablam tarafından yapıldı.) |
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Simple Present :
Active : Mary helps john
Passive :
john is helped
by Mary
Present Continuous:
Active : Mary is helping john
Passive :
john is
being helped by Mary
Present Perfect:
Active : Mary has helped john
Passive :
john has been helped
by Mary
Simple Past:
Active : Mary helped john
Passive :
john was helped
by Mary
Past continuous:
Active : Mary was helping john
Passive :
john was being helped
by Mary
Past Perfect:
Active : Mary had helped john
Passive :
john had been helped
by Mary
Simple Future:
Active : Mary will help john
Passive :
john will be helped
by Mary
Be going to:
Active : Mary is going to help john
Passive :
john is going to be helped
by Mary
Future Perfect:
Active : Mary will have helped john
Passive :
john will have been helped
Mary
Note:
The continuous forms of the present perfect , past perfect , future
and future perfect are very rarely used in the passive. |
Active
:Etken (İşin özne tarafından yapıldığı belliyse)
Passive:Edilgen (İşin özne
tarafından yapıldığı belli değilse)
Verbs that can be used in the passive :
1.Most
transitive verbs can be used in the passive. A transitive verb is a
verb which has an object.
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The
police |
caught |
the
thief |
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S |
V |
O |
The thief was
caught by police
2.
Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive . An intransitive
verb is a verb which does not have an object.
Rodney fell and
hurt his leg.
Passive constructions with the infinitive:
Doğru olup
olmadığını bilmediğimiz bir bilgi aktar mak istediğimizde veya bu
bilginin kaynağını vermek istemediğimizde passive yapıyı şu
fiillerle kullanırız :
think ,believe
, report , consider , know , say , expect ,
+ infinitive.
1.
Bilgi şu anki bir durumla ilgiliyse :
passive
+ infini tive.
örn:
The queen is believed to be one of
the richest people in the world.
örn: Mr Smit
is thought to be staying with
friends
2.
Bilgi
geçmişteki bir durumla ilgiliyse:
passive
+ the past infinitive
( to have + past
particip le )
örn: Cher is
said to have had a face lift.
NOT: The
passive of doing = being done ,
seeing =
being seen.
Örnekler:
Active:
I don't like people telling me what to do
Passive:
I don't like being
told what to do
Active:
Mr Miller hates people keeping him waiting
Passive:Mr
miller hates being
kept waiting
 Edilgen
(passive) Tümceler..
Dersimiz
İngilizce..Soru_cevap
Quiz
Sinav Bölümü
Grammar
Idioms |
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ACTIVE MODAL |
PASSIVE MODAL |
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Bob will
mail it |
it will
be mailed
by bob |
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Bob can mail
it |
it can
be mailed
by bob |
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Bob should
mail it |
it should
be mailed
by bob |
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Bob ought to
mail it |
it ought to
be mailed
by bob |
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Bob must
mail it |
it must
be mailed
by bob |
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Bob has to
mail it |
it has to
be mailed
by bob |
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Bob may mail
it |
it may
be mailed
by bob |
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Bobo might
mail it |
it might
be mailed
by bob |
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CONDITIONALS: |
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1.
if + simple present + simple present
( Genel doğrularda )
2.
if + simple present + simple
future ( Gelecek için olası durumlarda )
3.
if + simple past +
would + infinitive
( Şu an ve gelecek için hayali durumlarda
)
4.
if + past pperfect +
would have + past participle
( Geçmiş için hayali durumlarda ) |
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1. if + simple present + simple present ( Genel doğrularda ):
a. if you
don't water plants, they die
(
bitkileri sulamazsan ölürler )
b. if Mike
reads on the Train , he feels sick.
c. if you put
paper on a fire , it burns quickly.
d. if the
phone rings , answer it . ( talimat verildiğinde özne yok.)
2. if + simple present + simple future ( Gelecek için olası
durumlarda )
a. if it
doesn't rain soon , a lot of crops will die.
( Eğer yakında yağmur yağmazsa birçok
mahsul ölecek )
b. if we don't
leave now , we'll miss the
train.
c. if you pass
your exams , I will give you a
job.
d. if you
don't turn that music down , you
will
go deaf.
e. if we leave
now , we may catch the train.
f. if you
come to london again , you
must
call and see us. ( some modal verbs can be used instead of will)
3. if + simple past + would + infinitive ( Şu an ve gelecek için
hayali durumlarda )
a. if I were a
carpenter , I would build my own
house ( Eğer bir marangoz olsaydım
kendi evimi yapmak isterdim )
b. you
would feel healtier , if you did
more exercises.
c. if people
didn't drive so fast , there
wouldn't
be so many fatal accidents.
d. if you went
to africa , you would have to
have several injections.
e. if I were
you , I would't drive so fast.
4. if + past pperfect + would have + past participle ( Geçmiş
için hayali durumlarda )
a. if bob had
asked me to keep the news a secret , I
wouldn't have told anybody.
(
Eğer bob haberleri gizli tutmamı istemiş olsaydı kimseye
söylemezdim.)
USED TO:
(
Used to expresses a habit , activity , or situation that existed
in the past but which no longer exists.) -
used to ;
geçmişte var olan fakat şu an olmayan alışkanlıklar,aktiviteler
ve durumları vurgulamak için kullanılır.
1. My father
used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day .
(
babam günde 40 sigara içerdi )
2. Jack used
to live in chichago.
3. Before I
had a car , I used to cycle to work.
4. I didn't
used to have foreign holidays . Now I go abroad every year.
5. Where did
you use to go for your holidays
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2.
be used to + - ing (
alışkın olmak ) |
1. I must go
to bed early. I'm used to having ten hours sleep a night.
( yatağa erken gitmeliyim ,gecede 10
saat uyumaya alışkınım.)
2. Mary is
used to cold weather.
3. I am used
to sitting at this desk, I sit here every day.
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3.
get used to + - ing
( alışmak ) |
1. If you come to england you will have to get used to driving
on the left hand side of the road
(
ingiltereye gelirsen yolun solundan sürmeye alışmak zorunda
kalacaksın.)
2. Bob moved
to alaska. After a while he got used to living in a cold
climate.
3. You get
used to seeing the sun every day.
4. I will
never get used to getting up early.
WOULD + infinitive:
(
would , geçmişte düzenli olarak tekrar eden bir eylemi
vurgulamak için kullanılır.) used to ile aynı anla mı verir
fakat used to nun her kullanıldığı durumda kullanılmaz.
used to :
eylem +
süreklilik arzeden durum
would :
eylem
1. Every
summer our parents would take
us to the seaside.
2. He
would catch the 7:30 train.
3. When I was
a child , my father would read
me a story at night before bed.
4. I
used to live in California (
Would olmaz )
5. He
used to have a ford ( Would
olmaz )
6. I
used to be very shy . Whenever a
stranger came to our house , I would hide in a closed.
NOT:
would'un olumsuzunu veya soru şeklini kullanma , başka anlam
verir. |
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RELATIVE CLAUSES:
Bir relative clause bize cümle içinde açıklayıcı bir bilgi
verir.
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Cansızlar ve Hayvanlar için
Which
That |
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örn:
A building
was destroyed in the fire .It has now been rebuilt
The building
that/which was destroyed in the fire
has now been rebuilt.
örn:
Some
people were arrested. They have now been released
The people
who/that were arrested have now been
released.
Who , that , which'
i baazen hiç kullanmasak ta olur
Who,that,which ' ten
sonra ÖZNESİ olan bir cümle
başlıyorsa ; who,that,which ' i hiç yazmasak ta olur. Fakat
who,that,which bir öznenin yerine kullanılıyorsa mutlaka yazmak
zorundayız, bir nesnenin yerine kullanılıyorlarsa yazmasak ta olur.
|
1.The woman
who I wanted to see was away.
2.Have you found
the keys that you lost
3.The dress
that Ann bought doesn't fit her
very well |
1.The woman I
wanted to see was away.
2.Have you found
the keys you lost
3.The dress Ann
bought doesn't fit her very well |
Örn:
The woman lives next door. She is a doctor
The woman who lives
next door is a doctor
( She düştü yani:
özne düştü burada who veya that mutlaka yazılmalıdır.)
Örn:
Have you
found the keys? you lost them.
Have you found the
keys which you lost ( them düştü yani
: nesne düştü )
Have you found the
keys you lost.
We use
WHOSE
in relative clause instead of
his / her / their
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1. We saw some
people
whose car had broken
down |
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|
their |
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2. A widow is a
woman
whose husband is dead |
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|
her |
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3. I met a man
whose sister knows you |
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|
her |
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You can use
WHERE
in relative clause to talk about a
place
1.
The hotel - we stayed there - wasn't very clean
The hotel
where we stayed wasn't very clean
WHAT
= the thing (s) that
1. Did you hear
what they said ( the things that they
said )
2. Tell me
what you want and I ' ll try to get it
for you.
3. I don't agree
with what you 've just said.
4. I don't trust
him. I don't believe anything
that he
says (what kullanılmaz)
I don't believe
anything he says.
What
kullanılmış olsaydı : anything the thing
that he says. OLMAZ
5. They give their
children everything that they want.
(what kullanılmaz)
They give their
children everything they want.
what
kullanılmış olsa : everything the thing that
they want. OLMAZ
WHOM
Whom sadece yazı
ingilizcesinde kullanılır ve who , that , which ' in hiç yazılmasa da
( who bir nesnenin yerine kullanılmışsa ) olduğu durumlarda who nun
yerine whom kullanılır.
örn:
The woman
who I
wanted to see was away on holiday
The woman
whom I wanted to see was away on
holiday.
The woman I wanted
to see was away on holiday.
Whom
preposition larla da kullanılır ( to whom , from whom , with
whom....)
The woman
with whom he fell in love , left him
after a few weeks (
he fell in love with
her. )
İki tür relative clause vardır:
type 1 :
The woman
who lives next door is a doctor.
( Burada who kadın hakkında bize bilgi
veriyor.)
type 2 :
My brother
jim , who lives in london, is a
doctor. ( Buradaki who my brother'i
açıklamıyor çünkü zaaten onun jim olduğu verilmiş ---- işte bu
tip relative clauseler , extra information veren tiptekilerdir.ve
bunlar: iki virgül arasına alınırlar
, extra information
,
Extra information veren relative clauselerin özellikleri:
1.
Bunlarda that kullanılmaz. yani:
Kişiler
için sadece
who ,
Nesneler için
sadece which kullanılır.
2.
who ve which' i mutlaka kulllanmak zorundasın , ihmal edemezsin.
3.
Where , whose ,whom kullanışları yine aynıdır.
örn:
john , who speaks french , works as a
tourist guide
örn:
Colin told me
about his new job , which he is
enjoying very much ,
örn:
We stayed at the Grand hotel ,
which
Ann recommended to us ,
örn:
This morning I met Diane , whom / who
I hadn't seen for ages ,
In
extra information clauses . You can use a preposition before whom and
which ( to whom / with whom / about which / for which.....)
örn:
Fortunately
we had a map , without which we would
have got lost
örn:
This is mr
carter ; who I was telling you about.
NOT:
Konuşma ingilizcesinde ise prepositionlar genellikle relative
clausenin verb (fiil) in den sonra gelir.
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all
of , most of , non of , neither of , any of , either of , some of
, many of , much of (a) few of , both of , half of , each of ,
one of , two of |
+
whom (people)
+
which (things) |
örn
: Marry has three brothers ,
All of
them are married
Mary has three
brothers ,
All of
whom are married.
örn:
Two men ,
neither of
whom I had ever seen before , come into my office.
örn:
They ' ve got
three cars , two of
which they never use.
REPORTED SPEECH:
|
TOM:
I'm feeling ill
Tom'un
söylediğini 3. kişiye anlatmanın iki yolu var:
1.
Tom said ` I'm feeling ill ` (Direkt olarak
cümleyi almak) - Yazarken; mutlaka
iki tırnak arasına al
2.
Tom
said that he was feeling ill
( Cümleyi bir derece past'lamak ) |
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Cümleyi bir derece pastlamak:
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Present simple:I'm a nurse , she said
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Past simple:She said she was a nurse
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Present continuous:I'm not going
, he said
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Past continuous:He said he
wasn't going
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Past simple:Tony did it ,
she said
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Past Perfect:She said Tony
had done it
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Present perfect:I haven't read
it , she said
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Past perfect:She said she
hadn't read it
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Past continuous:I was lying ,
he said
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Past perfect continuous:He said he had been lying
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Will:I will get it
, she said
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Would:She said she
would get it
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Can:I can speak
french , he said
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Could:He said he
could speak french
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May:I may be late
, she said
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Might:She said she
might be late
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Must:I must go , he
said
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had to:he said he had
to go
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NOT: Past perfect , Might , Ought to , Could , Should , Would
-
Bunlar Reported speech te
değişmezler. |
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Direct Speech: |
Reported Speech: |
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|
I |
he,she |
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today |
that day |
|
tomorrow |
the next
day , the following day |
|
yesterday |
the day
before , the previous day |
|
two days
ago |
two days
before , two days earlier |
|
now |
then |
|
here |
there |
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come |
go |
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this |
the or
it |
|
that |
the or
it |
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these |
the |
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those |
the |
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NOT:
Reporting advice , commands , requests and warnings these
kind of speech using the verbs :
advice, tell ,ask and warn + Personal object pronoun +
infinitive. |
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1.You
really should stop
(advice)
She
adviced me to stop
2.Don't
interrupt me
(Command)
He
told me not to interrupt him
3.Could
you close the door please
(Request)
She
asked me to close the door
4.if
you tell anyone , I will....
(warning)
She
warned me not to tell anyone
1.
Report edeceğin cümlede (did,saw,knew,....) varsa bunlar
ya aynı kalır veya past perfect yaparsın.
CHARLIE: My car was stolen a
few weeks ago.
a.
He said
that his car was stolen a few weeks ago.
b.
He said
that his car had been stolen a few weeks ago.
2.
Hala doğruluğu devam
eden bir olay, durum...u report ediyorsan verb' i
değiştirmeyebilirsin.
a.
Tom said ` Newyork is more lively than london. `
b.
Tom said that Newyork
is
more lively than london.
c.
Tom said that Newyork
was
more lively than london.
Not:
Eğer önceki söylenenle sonraki farklı ise yani durum
değişikliği varsa mutlaka verb' i past ' lamalısın.
3.
Konuşan kişinin Kime
konuştuğunu belirtirsen
tell
, belirtmezsen
say kullan.
a.
Sonia told
me that you
were ill
b.
Sonia said that you were
ill
Not:
But you can say something
to somebody.
a.
Ann said goodbye
to me and left. ( Ann said
me OLMAZ )
b.
What did
you say to the police.
4.
Reported speech te Rica
ve Emirlerde ( to do , to say....) gibi infinitive ler
kullanılır.
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direct: |
`Stay in bed for a few days` the doctor said to me. |
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indirect: |
The
Doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days. |
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The
doctor said to stay in bed for a few days |
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direct: |
`Please don't tell anybody what happened.` Ann said to
me |
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indirect: |
Ann
asked me not to tell anybody what happened. |
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direct: |
Don't worry Sue |
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indirect: |
Sue
was very pessimistic about the situation. I told her
not to worry |
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( I
told her to don't worry )
YANLIŞ |
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direct: |
Don't wait for me if I'm late. |
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indirect: |
I
didn't want to delay Ann , so I told her
not to wait for me if
I was late |
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( I
told her to not wait for me )
YANLIŞ |
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THE CAUSATIVE
(ettirgenlik) |
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- kalıp: HAVE + SOMETHING + DONE(V3)
not:have yerine GET de kullanılabilir.
- I have(get) my
car cleaned everyweek
arabamı her hafta temizlettiririm.
- I had my hair cut
saçlarımı kestirdim
not:HAVE,GET cümlede kullanılan
zamana göre çekimlenirler.Örneğin şu anda olan bir olay için:
- Linda is having(v1+ing) her house painted now
linda şu
anda evini boyatıyor. yada
geçmişte olmuş bir olay için ise:
- Linda had(v3) her house
painted
linda evini
boyattırdı.
Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi yalnızca have
ve get in çekimi değişiyor.gerisi aynı kalıp.(v3=fiilin
3.hali demektir, v1+ing=fiilin birinci hali ve –ing takısı eklenir demek)
- kalıp: MAKE + SOMEONE +
DO(V1) + SOMETHING
Bu kalıp
da birisinin birisine bir şey yaptırmasını belirtir.
- You make me
drive mad
sen beni çıldırtıyorsun (drive mad=çıldırtmak)
not:make de kullanılırken zamanlara göre çekimlenir.Örn:
- Linda made me
do her homeworks in the past
eskiden linda ödevlerini bana yaptırırdı.
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Personal pronouns
|
özne
|
nesne
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İyelik sıfatı
|
İyelik zamiri
|
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I (ben)
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Me (beni,bana)
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My (benim)
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Mine (benimki)
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You (sen)
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You (sana,seni)
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Your (senin)
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Yours (seninki)
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He (o)
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Him (ona,onu)
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His (onun)
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His (onunki)
|
|
She (o)
|
Her (ona,onu)
|
Her (onun)
|
Hers (onunki)
|
|
It (o)
|
It (ona,onu)
|
Its (onun)
|
-
|
|
We (biz)
|
Us (bize,bizi)
|
Our (bizim)
|
Ours (bizimki)
|
|
You (siz)
|
You (size,sizi)
|
Your (sizin)
|
Yours (sizinki)
|
|
They (onlar)
|
Them(onları,onlara)
|
Their (onların)
|
Theirs (onlarınki)
|
Not: he(erkekler
için), She(bayanlar
için), it(hayvanlar ve cansız varlıklar için
“o” anlamındadır.)
